Solid minerals, also known as mineral resources or mineral deposits, refer to naturally occurring inorganic substances that have a definite chemical composition and a crystalline structure. These minerals are typically found in solid form within the Earth's crust and are composed of various elements and compounds.

Solid minerals play a crucial role in various aspects of human life and the economy. They are extensively used in industries such as construction, manufacturing, energy production, and technology. Some common examples of solid minerals include:

1. Metallic minerals: These minerals contain valuable metals and are used in various applications. Examples include iron ore, copper, gold, silver, zinc, aluminum, and nickel. Metallic minerals are often used in the production of alloys, building materials, electrical conductors, and for manufacturing machinery and vehicles.

2. Non-metallic minerals: These minerals do not contain metals and are used for a wide range of purposes. They include minerals like Limestone, Gypsum, Salt, Potash, Phosphate, Silica, Kaolin, Talc, and Asbestos. Non-metallic minerals are utilized in the construction industry, agriculture, manufacturing processes, and in the production of fertilizers, glass, ceramics, and various chemical products.

3. Energy minerals: These minerals are crucial for energy production and include Coal, Natural Gas- LNG/LPG, AGO, ATK, JP54, PMS and Lubricants.

4. Gemstones: These minerals are prized for their beauty, rarity, and durability. Examples of gemstones include Diamonds, Emeralds, Rubies, Sapphires, Amethyst, Topaz, Aquamarine, Quartz, Tourmaline and Garnets. Gemstones are highly valued for jewelry, decoration, and collection purposes.

The extraction and utilization of solid minerals involve various mining and processing techniques. Mining methods range from open-pit mining for shallow deposits to underground mining for deeper reserves. Once extracted, the minerals may undergo beneficiation processes to remove impurities and enhance their quality and market value.

It is worth noting that the availability and distribution of solid minerals vary across different regions of the world. Some countries are rich in specific minerals, leading to economic advantages and potential challenges associated with their exploitation. Sustainable and responsible management of solid minerals is important to ensure their long-term availability and minimize environmental impacts.